Poetic Content in Kuntaka's Theory

Vastu (Poetic Content) in Kuntaka’s Theory of Vakrokti

Introduction:

When a sentence stands out due to its unique usage, it is called Vākya-vakratā, (sentential obliquity) or the artistic beauty of a sentence. Kuntaka does not categorize it because it is vast, and it contains poetry elements like emotion, nature, and figures of speech. It influences all aspects of poetry. Different parts of poetry, such as words and meanings, add to its overall beauty. Kuntaka emphasizes that the beauty of a sentence is distinct from other poetic elements. He compares this to a painter's skillful stroke that enhances a painting's beauty. Kuntaka suggests that a poet's unique talent is crucial in creating poetry.

In Vākya-vakratā, Kuntaka examines  vastu, the content of poetry. He terms this analysis as vastu-vakratā, signifying the beauty of the content.The vastu of a composition is categorized into two types: sahaja (natural) and  āharya (imposed). Consequently, Kuntaka divides vastu-vakratā into two varieties:

(1) Sahaja-vakratā

(2) āharya vakratā

Sahaja-Vakratā: Natural Beauty in Poetic Content

Sahaja-Vakratā refers to the inherent charm of the content when presented without heavy embellishments.

1. Kuntaka's View: Kuntaka describes it as the creative beauty derived from the natural charm of the subject matter and artistic expressions.

2. Minimal Use of Alamkāras: Due to the natural beauty of the content, there is limited scope for the use of alamkāras (figures of speech), as they might overshadow the content's innate charm or hinder the audience's enjoyment of rasa (emotional essence).

3. Paradoxical Nature: Kuntaka acknowledges the paradox wherein the poet's creativity and the content's charm seem contradictory. However, he resolves this by emphasizing the harmonious relationship between the poet and the content, suggesting that the natural grace of the content is a reflection of the poet's soul expressed in a simple and natural manner.

           Aharya Vakratā: Adding Depth to Poetic Subjects

           Aharya Vakratā refers to the creation of original poetic subjects by poets, blending both innat talent and learned skills.

1. Poetic Creation: Poets don't create out of nothing; instead, they perceive divine beauty in ordinary things and elevate them through their creativity and expertise.

2. Utilization of Figures of Speech: This type of poetic beauty primarily relies on figures of speech to enhance ordinary subjects, allowing for a myriad of expressions and incorporating various alamkāras.

3. Relevance of Vākya-Vakratā: While Vākya-vakratā adds grandeur and strikingness to poetry, Kuntaka warns against its indiscriminate use, stressing the importance of relevance to the subject matter.

4. Classification of Poetic Content by Kuntaka

Kuntaka categorizes poetic content into two groups: sentient (animate) and non-sentient (inanimate).

1. Sentient Subgroups: Within this category, there are two subgroups: primary and secondary. Primary sentient beings include gods, devils, and humans, while secondary sentient beings encompass animals and birds.

2. Non-sentient Subjects: In this group, Kuntaka includes natural objects like trees, flowers, hills, and water.

3. Hierarchy in Selection: Kuntaka prioritizes primary sentient subjects, as they evoke emotions through spontaneous expression. Secondary sentient and non-sentient subjects serve as stimuli in evoking rasas (emotional essences) within poetry.

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